If your MacBook contains a removable hard drive you can use an enclosure to house the hard drive and connect it to another Mac to extract the data.

Use the Hard Drive Replacement Guide for your model to extract the drive.

Various adapters and enclosures are available for the different drive form factors. Be sure to read the fine print to ensure your drive will function. Even if it fits, it may not be compatible.

Enclosure for 2.5" SATA style hard drives.

Enclosure for early blade style SSDs

Enclosure for newer blade style SSDs

If your MacBook is a 2016 Pro or a 2018 Air or newer, storage will likely be soldered to the board and cannot be extracted in this way.

The 2016-2017 Function Keys MacBook Pro does have a removable drive, but adapters are not available. To extract data you will need to install the drive into a similar MacBook.