When I inset any type of CD into my optical drive, whether it be a DVD or game, my laptop does not read the disc.

Make sure the outlet your cable is plugged into works properly by using another electronic device. Make sure your cable is fully plugged into the outlet. If the battery still has minimal charge capacity consider buying a new one and replacing it with this guide.

Try and close all unnecessary applications. If still running slowly consider purchasing additional RAM. After purchase of new RAM look at this guide for old RAM removal and new RAM installation.