System is shut down

My seven year old laptop is shutting down within a couple minutes of booting up. I think it’s the cpu overheating because the centre top of the underside of the laptop is heating up rapidly in that time and the fan is spinning loudly. Less then six months ago I replaced the speakers and thermal paste about two weeks apart from each other (don’t think it’s fully related but just giving context). About two months ago the laptop bricked itself for a day then restarted as per normal. Then this issue appeared about three weeks ago.

I’m not sure it there is anything I can do to get the system running for just a few days so I can clear the hard drive and factory reset everything. If there isn’t anything I can do is it possible to access the hard drive by removing it and accessing it via a housing unit externally?